Presumably any American who wants to be informed is aware that GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney's claim to business acumen resides in his experience at a private equity firm that made much of its money by ramping up debt at purchased firms and using that debt to repay whatever (usually relatively small) investment the equity firm partners made in what has come to be known as "LBO" deals (for "leveraged buyout"). In LBOs, the equity firm investors almost always do well to exceedingly well, using mostly other people's money.
Not so generally for the workers in the bought-out company. The "rent" profits of the equity firm are often on the back of the workers, who may get fired in favor of outsourcing their jobs or get stuck in a rut, as productivity gains go to the new managers and owners and not to the workers. At the least, the high debt load makes it very difficult for the company to succeed and certainly difficult for it to give its workers a fair shake. Remember that one of Romney's gaffs was to admit that he enjoys firing workers.
Why anybody thinks this kind of winner-take-all, leverage-'em-up mentality of private equity firms suggests the kind of leader desirable for a democracy that purports to provide genuine opportunity for all classes of citizens to live a decent life is beyond me.
But even if the very nature of the business and the common tools of over-leverage and "rent" profits for a very few already at the top don't give voters cause for pause, then there are the many ways that private equity firm partners manage to avoid paying their fair share of taxes, which ensures that more of the tax burden falls on the less-well-off, that are worthy of consideration, even if candidate Romney has not (as his campaign claims) benefited from them personally. That is because if Romney is elected president, his views on the acceptability of aggressive tax strategies of questionable legality will matter. We should know what kinds of tax schemes are routine in the business that he touts as good evidence of his ability to serve as president of this nation--especially if some of them are obviously poor policy (the carried interest treatment) or highly questionable tax avoidance schemes (the management fee conversion waiver scheme).
I. Carried Interest
The best known way private equity firm partners reduce taxes is by earning their compensation in the form of "carried interest" and claiming that such profits should be treated the same way a real capital investment in a partnership is treated, even though it is awarded as compensation for their purported management expertise and work and not as a return on an actual investment made. That is, they claim they are profits partners in the firm and that their compensation is a distribution of the partnership's profits (usually from gains on sales, and hence eligible for preferential capital gains) to them rather than compensation income. As such they benefit from the extraordinarily preferential rate for capital gains in the current law as enacted under the Bush administration (generally 15%). Carried interest is the primary reason that candidate Romney has to pay such a very low rate of taxes on his income from his business.
The Internal Revenue Code (the codification of the federal statutes governing the federal income tax) does not include a specific provision governing profits interests and indicating that such "profits" partners should be treated as actual partners in a partnership (without that partnership interest itself being subject to tax as compensation) entitled to receive capital gains distributions. Accordingly, as one partnership tax treatise puts it, the tax treatment of a transfer to a "service partner" of a "profits interest" for services "has been uncertain" because "[n]o provision of the Code specifically exempts from taxation the receipt of any partnership interest in exchange for services." Willis & Postlewaite, Partnership Taxation, 6th ed, at 4-124. There is some caselaw about profits interests, but those cases made it even less clear how and when such interests should be taxed.
Finally, the Service resolved the issue with administrative authority (heavily lobbied for in the interests of equity partners and real estate profit partners, in particular) in Rev. Proc. 93-27 (and later proposed regs and other items) that does not treat the issuance of a compensatory "profits interest" as a taxable event in most instances. The main reason for the treatment may well be the so-called "Wall Street Rule"--once incredibly wealthy taxpayers hire sophisticated, high-priced lawyers to produce opinons supportive of a taxpayer-favorable interpretation and then operate as though the Code blesses a particular activity, it is hard for tax administrators to issue regulatory authority that treats that activity differently.
2, Management Fee Conversion Waivers
But there is another lesser-known aspect to the compensation that private equity fund partners earn for their services in their private equity firms--the management fee. Most explanations describe this as compensation paid for services that is subject to taxation at the ordinary rate (just like a secretary's wages would be). But that disregards a practice that exists among a significant number of equity firms (the Times article linked below says about 40% in 2009) that are willing to take aggressive positions to avoid paying taxes and can afford to pay the tax professionals to provide a way to do it--the management fee waiver conversion scheme.
The conversion of management fees from ordinary income to capital gains is purportedly accomplished by "waiving" the fees (not necessarily across-the-board throughout the life of the firm, but often selectively and on a quarter-by-quarter basis), Instead of getting fees, the partner claims they are "converted" to a share of related profits --i.e., they become an additional carried interest--and hence eligible for treatment as (deferred) capital gains from the firm.
Some tax professionals think this conversion waiver works. Much of this is again the "Wall Street Rule"--the claim that lots do it, the IRS has known about it, and oh it should be justifiable because now the "fee" is (sort of, maybe, kinda) at risk. It is not really at risk in the way we ordinarily think of investment risk, since these are pre-tax dollars -- the managers are not putting after-tax dollars at risk like any other investor is doing. And as Vic Fleischer commented to the gothamist blog, "there is a tension between economic risk and tax risk .... The way Bain set it up there's not much risk at all, so it's hard to see how this income should receive capital gains treatment." Christopher Robbins, NY AG: Bain Capital and others may have skirted tax law, the Gothamist (Sept. 2, 2012).
I'd guess that most professionals do not think the conversion scheme works, at least not in most instances. This would be especially true for those who consider that interpretations of the law should further coherent bodies of law that work as fairly as possible. And even more tax professionals likely think that the partnership rules should be adjusted to ensure that it doesn't work, since otherwise we are perpetuating inequities in the tax system that favor the already incredibly rich.
The conversion waiver issue has come to the attention of the public now because the New York State attorney general is investigating private equity firms who may have engaged in this conversion waiver practice. See Nichnolas Confessore et al, Inquiry on Tax Strategy Adds to Scrutiny of Finance Firms, New York Times (Sept. 1, 2012) (noting that the AG's subpoenas, issued by the AG's Taxpayer Protection Bureau, cover firms like Kohlberg Kravis, TPG Capital, Apollo Global, Silver Lake and Bain, and that Bain partners may have saved more than $200 million in federal income taxes, $20 million in Medicare taxes).
It's not clear on what grounds the New York AG is investigating this issue, which appears on the surface to be primarily a federal income tax issue. It could be some sort of state-law fraud claim but it could also be a claim that underpayment of state taxes routinely results from the filing posture taken, Equity partners in firms using the conversion waiver would presumably be able to save on state income taxes through either rate preferences and/or deferral, depending on the state and how much the state's laws build on the federal filing. Though New York State does not have a preferential rate for capital gains, if the timing of reporting the income is set by the conversion waiver, the deferral would amount to a significant state tax savings that deprives New York of needed revenues.
[Aside: By the way, some of the information about the management fee conversion waiver first came to broad public attention in connection with Bain and the trove of documents released at Gawker.com. See John Cook, The Bain Files: Inside Mitt Romney's Tax-Dodging Cayman Schemes, Gawker.com (Aug. 23, 2012) (noting that the huge cache of Bain financial documents "shed a great deal of light on those finances, and on the tax-dodging tricks available to the hyper-rich that [Romney] has used to keep his effectie tax rate at roughly 13% over the last decade"). These documents, and the further analysis articles available at the Gawker.com site, are worth considering for their own revelation of what Romney's real business is like and how that does (or doesn't) suggest he can help our economy as president--it is a business where "opaque complexity" allows the "preposterously wealthy" to engage in "exotic tax-avoidance schemes", according to the Gawker.com article. (I have not yet personally perused much of the 950 page trove on Gawker.) That said, Romney's campaign issued a statement indicating that the candidate has not benefited from the conversion waiver practice. We have not, of course, seen enough of Romney's tax returns and supporting information to be able to judge this matter independently. The focus on the conversion waiver thus provides yet another reason why candidate Romney should release 10 years of tax returns as other candidates have done.]
There are two additional readable pieces on this conversion waiver issue, plus a scholarly article that anyone wanting to better understand the details can peruse. Vic Fleischer, a tax prof at Colorado who made his original contribution to academe by writing about carried interest, has an article that sets out the issues well, with an example contrasting the significant difference in after-tax results for a real investor compared to a profits-interest purported investor. See Victor Fleischer, What's at issue in the private equity tax inquiry, DealBook, New York Times (Sept. 4, 2012). See also Brian Beutler, Did Bain Capital Execs Break the Law Using a Common Tax Avoidance Strategy? Talkingpointsmemo.com (Sept. 3, 2012). The academic piece is Gregg Polsky, Private Equity Management Fee Conversions (Nov. 4, 2008). The following two paragraphs are from the conclusion to that piece.
In fact, there are strong arguments that it is not. While managers argue that the safe harbor in Rev. Proc. 93-27 applies to the additional carried interest, there are both technical and conceptual claims to the contrary. Without the protection afforded by Rev. Proc. 93-27, the additional carried interest would be taxable upon receipt if it has a market value capable of determination. Both the context in which the additional carried interest is issued and the specific design features of the typical additional carried interest support the view that additional carried interests are significantly easier to value than prototypical profits interests.Under existing caselaw, this would mean that the additional carried interest is taxable upon receipt as ordinary income to the extent of its fair market value.
The IRS also has strong arguments under section 707(a)(2)(A), which recasts transactions that are artificially designed as partnership transactions in order to obtain tax benefits, such as character conversion. In the context of fee conversions, the most critical fact that favors section 707(a)(2)(A) recharacterization is the manager’s very limited exposure to risk. As a result, section 707(a)(2)(A) likely applies to fee conversions. If so, the manager’s attempt to convert the character of their management fee income would be thwarted.
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